La Noria and the Ata Mummy
In 2003 a mummy six inches long was found in the abandoned nitrate town of La Noria in the Atacama: an elongated skull, ten pairs of ribs instead of twelve, bone maturity like a six-year-old's. A 2013 UFO documentary announced an alien. The genome was sequenced at Stanford, and the result published in Genome Research in 2018 is not ambiguous: a human girl of Chilean descent who died at or before birth, carrying a rare combination of mutations in seven genes governing skeletal development. Chilean authorities later took an interest in how the remains had left the country at all.
Piltdown Man
In 1912 the amateur antiquarian Charles Dawson announced that a gravel pit at Piltdown in East Sussex had yielded the skull and jaw of the missing link between ape and man. British science built its evolutionary tree on it for forty years and quietly set aside the finds that did not fit. In 1953 Kenneth Oakley, Joseph Weiner and Wilfrid Le Gros Clark showed the skull was human and medieval, the jaw was an orangutan's, the teeth had been filed down, and the whole thing stained with an iron solution and chromic acid. A 2016 study using DNA and CT scanning points to a single forger: Dawson himself.
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